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Our procedure of equipments, medical positions and also a video for patients to know more.
Gastrocopy
Positioning of Gastrocopy
Scoping Video
https://www.youtube.com/shorts/x8hYgh_f8QY
Colonoscopy
Positioning of Colonoscopy
Scoping Video
https://youtube.com/shorts/4Fo-tgE9fWk?feature=share
What is Gastroenterology and Hepatology
In the 1920s and 30s, the nutritionist Victor Lindlah quoted: ‘we are what we eat’. The digestive system is mainly involved in the metabolism of food. The digestive tract begins at the mouth and ends at the bowel. The long journey through the body may sometimes be hindered by dysfunctional organs, disrupting the process of digestion and impacting nutrient absorption. Some of the conditions that can disrupt this seemingly natural process are as follows:
Esophagus, Stomach and Small Bowel Disorders
Esophagus, Stomach and Small Bowel Disorders refer to below:
Gastritis is very common. It occurs when the lining of your stomach becomes swollen (inflamed). Gastritis is usually mild and resolves without any treatment. However, gastritis can cause pain in the upper part of your tummy (abdomen) and may lead to a complications. Gastritis can be caused by infection (Helicobacter pylori), medication (aspirin, certain painkillers), autoimmune conditions, stress and unhealthy eating habits and lifestyle choices. Untreated gastritis can lead to ulcers, bleeding and perforation (hole in the stomach)
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Gastritis
Gastritis adalah satu penyakit yand disebabkan oleh radang perut. Biasanya gastritis berlaku dalam keaadaan yang tidak merbahaya tetapi boleh menyebabkan komplikasi kalau tidak dirawat. Ia biasanya disebabkan oleh jangkitan kuman, sesetangah ubat, stress dan tabiat makanan dan cara hidup yang tidak sihat. Gastritis teruk yang tidak dirawat boleh menyebabkan ulcer perut, pendarahan dan kebocoron perut.
Stomach ulcers (also called gastric ulcers) are breaks in the lining of the stomach that develop due to damage. They can cause a burning or gnawing pain in the top and middle of the abdomen.
The causes of gastritis can lead to stomach ulcers. Untreated stomach ulcers can lead to bleeding, perforation, strictures and occasionally into stomach cancer.
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Ulcer Perut
Ulcer perut adalah luka didalam perut atau usus yang boleh menyebabkan sakit perut yang berterusan. Penyebab ulcer perut adalah sama seperti penyebab gastrik. Ulcer yang tidak dirawat boleh menyebabkan pendarahan, kebocoran, striktur dan malah kanser.
When acid from the stomach or stomach content leaks up into the oesophagus (tube carrying the food from the mouth to the stomach) the condition is known as acid reflux. This may cause heartburn and other symptoms. The main symptom is called heartburn. Untreated acid reflux causes significant reduction in quality of life, bleeding, strictures and oesophageal cancers.
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GERD
GERD adalah gejala yang disebabkan oleh kenaikan kandungan perut terutamanya asid kedalam esopagus. Ini akan menyebabkan simptom pedih ulu hati. GERD yang tidak dirawat akan menyebabkan pendarahan, striktur and kanser esopagus.
Worldwide it is one of the most common cancers. It is common in Japan and China but is less common in the west. Stomach cancer is more common in men than in women. Most people who develop stomach cancer are over the age of 55 but its occurrence is at younger age among Asians. In most cases, stomach cancer begins from a cell which is on the inside lining of the stomach (the mucosa). This type of stomach cancer is called adenocarcinoma. Diagnosis is achieved by doing an upper scope (gastroscope). Early detection can provide complete cure.
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Kanser perut
Penyakit ini merupakan antara kanser yang paling kerap didunia pada masa ini. Ianya lebin kerap di Jepun dan China tetapi kurang di negara barat. Kaum lelaki lebih kerap menghidap penyakit ini berbanding dengan perempuan. Kebanyakan pesakit adalah lebih 50 tahun tetapi boleh melibatkan pesakit lebih muda terutamanya di Asia. Kanser perut bemula di lapisan perut yang paling teratas (mukosa) dan ia dikenali dengan istilah adenocarcinoma. Diagnosa dicapai dengan scope dari mulut (gastroscope). Penemuan awal boleh membawa kepada pemulihan sepenuhnya.
Helicobacter pylori is a type of bacteria. It's commonly found in the stomach. H.pylori infection is very common. Globally, around half of all people have it. It is more common in developing countries.
Many people with Helicobacter pylori have no symptoms at all, but it can cause stomach irritation (gastritis), stomach ulcers and sometimes stomach cancer.
We don't fully understand exactly how H. pylori spreads. It's thought to spread from person to person. Most people seem to get it in childhood, probably from their parents or siblings.
H. pylori infection can be diagnosed by a breath test (Urea breath test) , blood test and gastroscopy. It can be cured by taking a set of medication that comprises of 2 types of antibiotics and acid suppressant.
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Jangkitan Helicobacter Pylori
H. pylori adalah sejenis bakteria yang kerap dijumpai dalam perut. Jangkitan ini agak berleluasa dan manjangkiti hampir separuh dari penduduk dunia. Ia merebak dari seorang ke seorang . Kebanyakan pesakit tidak ada sebaramg simptom. Ia boleh menyebabkan gastrik, ulcer perut and juga kanser perut. Diagnosa boleh dibuat melalui breat test (Urea Breath Teat), kajian darah atau gastroscopy. Rawatan melibatkan antibiotic and ubat antacid dan boleh diubati sepenuhnya.
Gastrointestinal malabsorption syndrome means a failure to fully absorb digested foods from the gut (bowel) into your body. There are many different causes. Prolonged intestinal malabsorption may cause problems because of a lack of carbohydrates, proteins, fats, minerals and vitamins that are essential to keep you healthy.
The treatment will depend on the cause of malabsorption but will also include supplements and other ways to make up for the reduced amount of carbohydrate, protein, fat, minerals and vitamins getting into your gastrointestinal tract.
Symptoms can range from diarrhoea, bulky stool and weight loss.
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Malabsorpsi
Keaadaan di mana usus tidak dapat menyerap makanan yang dicerna. Faktor penyebabnya adalah pelbagai. Rawatan bergantung kepada penyebab keadaan ini. Supplementasi zat-zat makanan yang kurang adalah penting. Pesakit akan mengadu cirit birit, kehilangan berat badan dan isipadu najis yang besar.
Large Bowel (Colon/Rectal) Disorders
- Colorectal cancer
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)
- Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
- Colonic polyps
- Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer worldwide, accounting for approximately 10% of all cancer cases and is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide.
- It predominantly affects older indaividuals, with the majority of cases occurring in people aged 50 and above.
- Several lifestyle factors contribute to the development of colorectal cancer such as a high intake of processed meats and low intake of fruits and vegetables, sedentary lifestyle, obesity, smoking, and excessive alcohol consumption.
- All colon cancers arise from colonic polyps that are precancerous (adenomatous). 2/3 of colon polyps are adenomatous. 10 % of these adenomas grow slowly over 8 to 10 years to become cancerous.
- Colorectal cancer is often diagnosed at advanced stages when treatment options are limited.
- The incidence and impact of colorectal cancer can be significantly reduced by implementing primary prevention strategies such as adopting a healthy lifestyle, avoiding risk factors, and practicing early detection and removal of the polyps through screening ie. Colonoscopy
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Kanser Kolorektal
- Kanser kolorektal merupakan kanser ketiga paling kerap berlaku di seluruh dunia, merangkumi kira-kira 10% daripada semua kes kanser, dan merupakan penyebab kematian kedua tertinggi akibat kanser di peringkat global.
- Kanser ini lebih kerap menyerang golongan berusia, dengan majoriti kes berlaku dalam kalangan individu berumur 50 tahun ke atas.
- Beberapa faktor gaya hidup menyumbang kepada perkembangan kanser kolorektal, seperti pengambilan daging diproses yang tinggi, pengambilan buah-buahan dan sayur-sayuran yang rendah, gaya hidup tidak aktif, obesiti, merokok, dan pengambilan alkohol secara berlebihan.
- Semua kanser kolon berpunca daripada polip kolon yang bersifat prakanser (adenomatous). Kira-kira dua pertiga (2/3) polip kolon adalah adenomatous, dan sekitar 10% daripada adenoma ini berkembang secara perlahan dalam tempoh 8 hingga 10 tahun sehingga menjadi kanser.
- Kanser kolorektal sering didiagnosis pada peringkat lanjut, apabila pilihan rawatan menjadi terhad.
- Kadar kejadian dan kesan kanser kolorektal boleh dikurangkan dengan ketara melalui pelaksanaan strategi pencegahan primer seperti mengamalkan gaya hidup sihat, mengelakkan faktor risiko, serta mengesan dan membuang polip pada peringkat awal melalui saringan, contohnya kolonoskopi.
Inflammatory bowel disease, also called IBD, is an umbrella term for a group of conditions that cause swelling and inflammation of the tissues in the digestive tract.
The most common types of IBD include:
- Ulcerative colitis. This condition involves inflammation and sores, called ulcers, along the lining of the colon and rectum (large intestine).
- Crohn's disease. In this type of IBD, the lining of the digestive tract is inflamed. The condition often involves the deeper layers of the digestive tract. Crohn's disease affects the small and large intestine and, uncommonly, the stomach.
Symptoms of both ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease usually include belly pain, diarrhea, rectal bleeding, extreme tiredness and weight loss.
For some people, IBD is only a mild illness. But for others, it's a condition that causes disability and can lead to life-threatening complications. Early intervention helps to keep these debilitating condition under control.
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Penyakit Radang Usus
Penyakit radang usus, juga dikenali sebagai IBD (Inflammatory Bowel Disease), merupakan istilah umum yang merujuk kepada sekumpulan penyakit yang menyebabkan pembengkakan dan keradangan pada tisu saluran pencernaan.
Jenis IBD yang paling biasa termasuk:
- Kolitis ulseratif – Keadaan ini melibatkan keradangan dan pembentukan luka (ulser) pada lapisan kolon dan rektum (usus besar).
- Penyakit Crohn – Keadaan ini melibatkan lapisan saluran pencernaan menjadi radang. Keadaan ini sering melibatkan lapisan yang lebih dalam saluran pencernaan. Penyakit Crohn boleh menjejaskan usus kecil dan usus besar, dan dalam kes yang jarang berlaku, perut.
Gejala bagi kedua-dua kolitis ulseratif dan penyakit Crohn biasanya termasuk sakit perut, cirit-birit, pendarahan rektum, keletihan melampau, dan penurunan berat badan.
Bagi sesetengah individu, IBD hanyalah penyakit yang ringan. Namun, bagi yang lain, ia merupakan keadaan yang boleh menyebabkan ketidakupayaan dan mengakibatkan komplikasi yang mengancam nyawa. Intervensi awal membantu mengawal keadaan yang melemahkan ini daripada menjadi lebih serius.
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional gastrointestinal disorder characterized by a group of symptoms that commonly include abdominal pain, abdominal bloating, and changes in the consistency of bowel movements.
Only a small number of people with IBS have severe symptoms. Some people can control their symptoms by managing diet, lifestyle and stress. More-severe symptoms can be treated with medicine and counseling.
IBS can negatively affect quality of life, but it doesn't increase the risk of colorectal cancer.
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Sindrom Usus Rengsa (IBS)
Sindrom Usus Rengsa (IBS) ialah gangguan fungsi saluran gastrousus yang dicirikan oleh sekumpulan gejala yang lazimnya merangkumi sakit perut, kembung perut, dan perubahan pada konsistensi pergerakan usus.
Hanya sebilangan kecil individu yang menghidap IBS mengalami gejala yang teruk. Sesetengah individu boleh mengawal gejala dengan menguruskan pemakanan, gaya hidup, dan tekanan. Gejala yang lebih teruk boleh dirawat dengan ubat-ubatan dan kaunseling.
IBS boleh memberi kesan negatif terhadap kualiti hidup, namun ia tidak meningkatkan risiko kanser kolorektal.
A colon polyp is a small clump of cells that forms on the lining of the colon. Most colon polyps are harmless. But over time, some colon polyps can turn into colorectal cancer. Colorectal cancer can be deadly when found in its later stages.
The most common type of precancerous polyp is an adenomatous polyp, often called an adenoma. Because adenomas are the polyps that most often change into colorectal cancer, healthcare professionals recommend removing them to prevent them from growing larger or becoming cancerous.
Anyone can develop colon polyps, and your risk increases as you age. Your risk of colorectal cancer also is higher if you are overweight, smoke, have a personal history of colon polyps, or have a family history of advanced colon polyps or colorectal cancer.
Colon polyps don't usually cause symptoms. It's important to have regular screening tests because colon polyps found early can usually be taken out safely and completely. The best prevention for colorectal cancer is regular screening. i.e. colonoscopy.
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Polip Kolon
Polip kolon ialah gumpalan kecil sel yang terbentuk pada lapisan kolon (usus besar). Kebanyakan polip kolon tidak berbahaya. Namun, dari semasa ke semasa, sesetengah polip kolon boleh berkembang menjadi kanser kolorektal. Kanser kolorektal boleh membawa maut apabila dikesan pada peringkat lewat.
Jenis polip prakanser yang paling biasa ialah polip adenomatous, yang sering dipanggil adenoma. Oleh sebab adenoma merupakan polip yang paling kerap berubah menjadi kanser kolorektal, pakar penjagaan kesihatan mengesyorkan agar polip ini dibuang untuk mengelakkannya daripada membesar atau menjadi kanser.
Sesiapa sahaja boleh mengalami polip kolon, dan risiko meningkat seiring dengan peningkatan usia. Risiko kanser kolorektal juga lebih tinggi jika seseorang berlebihan berat badan, merokok, mempunyai sejarah peribadi polip kolon, atau mempunyai sejarah keluarga polip kolon lanjutan atau kanser kolorektal.
Polip kolon biasanya tidak menyebabkan gejala. Oleh itu, adalah penting untuk menjalani ujian saringan secara berkala, kerana polip kolon yang dikesan awal selalunya boleh dibuang dengan selamat dan sepenuhnya. Pencegahan terbaik bagi kanser kolorektal ialah saringan berkala, iaitu kolonoskopi.
Liver, Biliary System and Pancreatic Disorders
- Gallbladder stones
- Stricture (narrowing) or obstruction (blockage) of the bile ducts
- Hepatitis (A,B,C)
- Liver cirrhosis and failure
- Liver abscesses and liver tumours
- Pancreatitis
- Cancers of the bile duct system, gall bladder and pancreas
- Cysts appearing in the liver, pancreas or bile ducts
Gallstones (cholelithiasis) are hardened pieces of bile that form in your gallbladder or bile ducts. They’re common, especially in females. Gallstones don’t always cause problems, but they can if they get stuck in your biliary tract and block your bile flow, about 10-20% of patients will experience this problem. 10 to 25% may present with mild abdominal pain. Less than 3% present with severe complications. If your gallstones cause you symptoms, you’ll need treatment to remove them — typically, surgery. If the gallstones are dislodged in the bile duct, an ERCP is required to clear the bile duct.
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Batu hempedu
Batu hempedu (cholelithiasis) ialah ketulan hempedu yang mengeras dan terbentuk di dalam pundi hempedu atau salur hempedu. Ia adalah keadaan yang biasa berlaku, terutamanya dalam kalangan wanita. Batu hempedu tidak semestinya menyebabkan masalah, tetapi ia boleh menimbulkan komplikasi jika tersekat di saluran hempedu dan menghalang aliran hempedu. Kira-kira 10–20% pesakit akan mengalami masalah ini. Sebanyak 10–25% mungkin mengalami sakit perut yang ringan, manakala kurang daripada 3% mengalami komplikasi yang teruk. Jika batu hempedu menyebabkan gejala, rawatan diperlukan untuk membuangnya — lazimnya melalui pembedahan. Jika batu hempedu tersangkut di salur hempedu, prosedur ERCP diperlukan untuk membersihkan salur hempedu tersebut.
Biliary strictures, also called bile duct strictures, occur when the ducts that carry bile from your liver to your small intestine become narrow or blocked. Cancer, noncancerous conditions like pancreatitis, and certain types of surgeries can cause biliary strictures. Healthcare providers often use endoscopic procedures to diagnose and treat biliary strictures. Usually, Ct scan, MRI and ERCP is used to assess and treat this condition.
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Penyempitan salur hempedu
Penyempitan salur hempedu, juga dikenali sebagai biliary strictures, berlaku apabila saluran yang membawa hempedu dari hati ke usus kecil menjadi sempit atau tersumbat. Kanser, keadaan bukan kanser seperti pankreatitis, serta beberapa jenis pembedahan boleh menyebabkan penyempitan salur hempedu. Penyedia penjagaan kesihatan sering menggunakan prosedur endoskopi untuk mendiagnosis dan merawat penyempitan salur hempedu. Biasanya, CT scan, MRI and ERCP Adalah anata kaedah digunakan untik menilai dan merawat penyakit ini.
This is inflammation of the liver that can be caused by many diseases like hepatitis viruses A, B and C, drugs, fatty liver or autoimmune disease. Bloods test, US abdomen and fibroscan is used to assess and treat this situation.
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Hepatitis (A,B,C)
Ini ialah keradangan hati yang boleh disebabkan oleh pelbagai penyakit seperti virus hepatitis A, B dan C, ubat-ubatan, hati berlemak atau penyakit autoimun. Ujian darah, ultrasound (US) abdomen dan fibroscan digunakan untuk menilai serta merawat keadaan
Cirrhosis of the liver is permanent scarring that damages your liver and interferes with its functioning. It can lead to liver failure. Cirrhosis is the result of persistent liver inflammation leading to damage and irreversible scarring over many years. Alcohol and drugs, viruses and metabolic factors are the most common causes. Despite cirrhosis being irreversible, its progression can be prevented.
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Sirosis dan kegagalan hati
Sirosis hati ialah parut kekal pada hati yang merosakkan hati dan mengganggu fungsinya. Keadaan ini boleh membawa kepada kegagalan hati. Sirosis berlaku akibat keradangan hati yang berterusan sehingga menyebabkan kerosakan dan pembentukan parut yang tidak dapat dipulihkan selama bertahun-tahun. Alkohol dan ubat-ubatan, virus serta faktor metabolik merupakan punca yang paling biasa. Walaupun sirosis tidak boleh dipulihkan, perjalanan penyakitnys masih boleh dikawal.
A liver abscess is a serious infection causing pus-filled pockets in the liver. It can be caused by bacterial or parasitic infection. Patients require hospitalization and powerful antibiotics and frequently drainage of the abcess.
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Abses Hati dan Ketumbuhan Hati
Abses hati ialah jangkitan serius yang menyebabkan pembentukan kantung berisi nanah di dalam hati. Ia boleh disebabkan oleh jangkitan bakteria atau parasit. Pesakit biasanya memerlukan kemasukan ke hospital, rawatan antibiotik yang kuat serta selalunya prosedur saliran abses untuk merawat keadaan ini.
Liver cancer is a cancer that begins in the cells of your liver. The most common type of liver cancer is hepatocellular carcinoma, which begins in the main type of liver cell (hepatocyte). Treatment consists of surgical resection of the cancer segment.
Cancer that spreads to the liver is more common than cancer that begins in the liver cells. Cancer that begins in another area of the body, such as the colon, lung or breast and then spreads to the liver is called metastatic cancer rather than liver cancer.
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Kanser hati
Kanser hati ialah kanser yang bermula dalam sel-sel hati. Jenis kanser hati yang paling biasa ialah karsinoma hepatoselular (hepatocellular carcinoma), yang bermula daripada sel utama hati (hepatosit). Rawatan biasanya melibatkan pembedahan membuang bahagian hati yang mengandungi kanser.
Kanser yang merebak ke hati sebenarnya lebih biasa berbanding kanser yang bermula dalam sel hati. Kanser yang bermula di bahagian lain badan, seperti kolon, paru-paru atau payudara, kemudian merebak ke hati dikenali sebagai kanser metastatik, bukan kanser hati primer.
Pancreatitis is inflammation in your pancreas. It’s usually temporary (acute) but can also be a life-long (chronic) condition. The most common symptom is abdominal pain. The most common causes are alcohol use and gallstones.
Pancreas is an organ that sits behind the stomach and secretes insulin
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Radang Pankreas
Pankreatitis ialah keradangan pada pankreas. Ia biasanya bersifat sementara (akut), tetapi juga boleh menjadi keadaan jangka panjang (kronik). Gejala yang paling biasa ialah sakit perut. Punca yang paling lazim termasuk pengambilan alkohol dan batu karang hempedu.
Pankreas ialah organ yang terletak di belakang perut dan berfungsi untuk menghasilkan serta merembeskan insulin.
Bile duct cancer is known as cholangiocarcinoma and usually presents late making treatment difficult. Curative treatment will be surgical resection of the tumor. In the event patients are not fit for surgery, metal stents will be placed via ERCP.
Pancreatic cancer is a deadly cancer that usually presents at late stage. The commonest pancreatic cancer is known as ductal adenocarcinoma. Curative treatment will be surgical resection of the lesion. EUS is used to acquire sample for diagnosis.
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Kanser Saluran Hempedu dan Pancreas
Kanser saluran hempedu dikenali sebagai kolangiokarsinoma (cholangiocarcinoma) dan biasanya dikesan pada peringkat lewat, menyebabkan rawatan menjadi lebih sukar. Rawatan kuratif melibatkan pembedahan pembuangan tumor. Jika pesakit tidak sesuai menjalani pembedahan, stent logam boleh dipasang melalui prosedur ERCP (Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography).
Kanser pankreas ialah kanser yang berbahaya dan sering dikesan pada peringkat lewat. Jenis kanser pankreas yang paling biasa dikenali sebagai adenokarsinoma duktal (ductal adenocarcinoma). Rawatan kuratif melibatkan pembedahan pembuangan lesi/tumor. Prosedur EUS (Endoscopic Ultrasound) digunakan untuk mengambil sampel tisu bagi tujuan diagnosis.
